Geographic coordinate system - Wikipedia A geographic coordinate system (GCS) is a spherical or geodetic coordinate system for measuring and communicating positions directly on Earth as latitude and longitude [1] It is the simplest, oldest, and most widely used type of the various spatial reference systems that are in use, and forms the basis for most others Although latitude and longitude form a coordinate tuple like a cartesian
Latitude - Wikipedia Latitude Earth's graticule The vertical lines from pole to pole are lines of constant longitude, or meridians The circles parallel to the equator are lines of constant latitude, or parallels The graticule shows the latitude and longitude of points on the surface In this example meridians are spaced at 6° intervals and parallels at 4
Geodetic coordinates - Wikipedia Geodetic latitude and geocentric latitude have different definitions Geodetic latitude is defined as the angle between the equatorial plane and the surface normal at a point on the ellipsoid, whereas geocentric latitude is defined as the angle between the equatorial plane and a radial line connecting the centre of the ellipsoid to a point on the surface (see figure) When used without
Longitude - Wikipedia The lines from pole to pole are lines of constant longitude, or meridians The circles parallel to the Equator are circles of constant latitude, or parallels The graticule shows the latitude and longitude of points on the surface In this example, meridians are spaced at 6° intervals and parallels at 4° intervals
Spherical coordinate system - Wikipedia The precise standard meanings of latitude, longitude and altitude are currently defined by the World Geodetic System (WGS), and take into account the flattening of the Earth at the poles (about 21 km or 13 miles) and many other details Planetary coordinate systems use formulations analogous to the geographic coordinate system
ISO 6709 - Wikipedia ISO 6709, Standard representation of geographic point location by coordinates, is an international standard for representation of latitude, longitude and altitude for geographic point locations
Map projection - Wikipedia Transformation of geographic coordinates (longitude and latitude) to Cartesian (x, y) or polar (r, θ) plane coordinates In large-scale maps, Cartesian coordinates normally have a simple relation to eastings and northings defined as a grid superimposed on the projection
World Geographic Reference System - Wikipedia The World Geographic Reference System (GEOREF) is a geocode, a grid-based method of specifying locations on the surface of the Earth GEOREF is essentially based on the geographic system of latitude and longitude, but using a simpler and more flexible notation GEOREF was used primarily in aeronautical charts for air navigation, [1] particularly in military or inter-service applications, but